{
  "schema": "omnisaura.snapshot/v2",
  "uid": "omnisaura:profile:pachyrhinosaurus",
  "genus": "Pachyrhinosaurus",
  "generated_at": "2026-10-12T10:16:43Z",
  "raw_run": "2026-10-12",
  "profile": {
    "name": {
      "value": "Pachyrhinosaurus",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "value": "Sternberg 1950",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "type_species": {
      "value": "Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "order": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    },
    "family": {
      "value": "Ceratopsidae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "value": "Pachyrhinosaurini",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "headline": {
      "value": [
        83.6,
        66.0,
        "Campanian",
        "Maastrichtian"
      ],
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "value": [
        83.6,
        66.0
      ],
      "rule": "Omnisaura synthesis: span of confirmed PBDB records",
      "rule_id": "merge:omnisaura_synthesis_confirmed_occurrences",
      "synthesis": true,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "value": [
        "CA",
        "US"
      ],
      "rule": "Union of all sources (ISO 3166)",
      "rule_id": "merge:union_iso3166",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "value": [
        "Horseshoe Canyon",
        "Prince Creek",
        "St. Mary River",
        "Wapiti"
      ],
      "rule": "Canonical names, automatic and editor-approved matches applied",
      "rule_id": "merge:canonical_formations",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "value": [
        "ja:パキリノサウルス属"
      ],
      "rule": "Wikidata leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_wikidata",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "wikidata",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "named_after": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    }
  },
  "confidence": {
    "name": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata identify the same genus."
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "type_species": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "family": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "headline": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "evidence": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "reasons": [
        "Omnisaura's calculation from 13 confirmed PBDB records."
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only Wikidata gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "Wikidata"
    },
    "countries": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "See each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "CA",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (11 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "US",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "See each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "Horseshoe Canyon",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (3 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Prince Creek",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "St. Mary River",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (4 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Wapiti",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (4 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "gaps": {
    "missing": [
      {
        "field": "order",
        "label": "Order",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "named_after",
        "label": "Named after",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      }
    ],
    "single_source": [
      {
        "field": "type_species",
        "label": "Type species",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "parent_name",
        "label": "Parent group",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "family",
        "label": "Family",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "headline",
        "label": "Age (headline)",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "common_names",
        "label": "Common names",
        "source": "Wikidata"
      }
    ],
    "disputed": [],
    "withheld": [
      {
        "records": "occurrences",
        "status": "tentative",
        "count": 3,
        "reason": "PBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.' or '?')"
      }
    ]
  },
  "assessment": {
    "levels": {
      "high": "Two independent sources agree, or an editor has ruled.",
      "medium": "One source; nothing contradicts it.",
      "low": "Sources disagree and no editor has ruled yet, or too few records."
    },
    "by": "Omnisaura",
    "license_id": "OMNISAURA-EDITORIAL"
  },
  "formation_matches": [],
  "credits": {
    "genus": "Pachyrhinosaurus",
    "scope": "confirmed matches only",
    "data_sources": [
      {
        "values": 1632,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-04",
          "2026-10-05",
          "2026-10-10",
          "2026-10-11"
        ],
        "source": "pbdb",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "attribution": "Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0.",
        "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
        "homepage": "https://paleobiodb.org"
      },
      {
        "values": 30,
        "retrieved": [
          "2026-10-10"
        ],
        "source": "wikidata",
        "license_id": "CC0-1.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/",
        "requires_attribution": false,
        "attribution": "Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0.",
        "source_name": "Wikidata",
        "homepage": "https://www.wikidata.org"
      }
    ],
    "images": [
      {
        "media_id": 2653,
        "title": "File:Pachyrhinosaurus Perotorum Alaska copyright web.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Pachyrhinosaurus_Perotorum_Alaska_copyright_web.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pachyrhinosaurus_Perotorum_Alaska_copyright_web.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "James havens",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-3.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "James havens (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pachyrhinosaurus_Perotorum_Alaska_copyright_web.jpg)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 2654,
        "title": "File:Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum skeleton.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Pachyrhinosaurus_perotorum_skeleton.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pachyrhinosaurus_perotorum_skeleton.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "bryan... from Taipei, Taiwan",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-2.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "bryan... from Taipei, Taiwan (佩洛特自然科学博物館, 達拉斯, 德克薩斯州, 德州, 美國, 美利堅合眾國, Perot Museum of Nature and Science, Perot Museum, Dallas, Texas, Tejas, United States of America, United States, America, The States, USA, US), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pachyrhinosaurus_perotorum_skeleton.jpg)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 2655,
        "title": "File:Pachyrhinosaurus skull.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Pachyrhinosaurus_skull.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pachyrhinosaurus_skull.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Esv - Eduard Solà Vázquez",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-3.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "Esv - Eduard Solà Vázquez (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pachyrhinosaurus_skull.jpg)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 2656,
        "title": "File:Philip J. Currie Pachyrinosaurus.jpg",
        "category": "Taxon image",
        "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Philip_J._Currie_Pachyrinosaurus.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=original",
        "page_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_J._Currie_Pachyrinosaurus.jpg",
        "source": "commons",
        "rights_holder": "Ribbet32",
        "catalog_number": null,
        "license_id": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": true,
        "attribution": "Ribbet32 (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_J._Currie_Pachyrinosaurus.jpg)"
      }
    ],
    "derived_ages": null,
    "references": 70
  },
  "credits_markdown": "## Pachyrhinosaurus: Sources & credits\n\n_Scope: confirmed matches only._\n\n### Data\n- **Paleobiology Database** (https://paleobiodb.org): [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 5 October 2026, 10 October 2026, 11 October 2026.\n- **Wikidata** (https://www.wikidata.org): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0. Retrieved 10 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n\n### Images (4)\n- “File:Pachyrhinosaurus Perotorum Alaska copyright web.jpg” (Taxon image): James havens (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pachyrhinosaurus_Perotorum_Alaska_copyright_web.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum skeleton.jpg” (Taxon image): bryan... from Taipei, Taiwan (佩洛特自然科学博物館, 達拉斯, 德克薩斯州, 德州, 美國, 美利堅合眾國, Perot Museum of Nature and Science, Perot Museum, Dallas, Texas, Tejas, United States of America, United States, America, The States, USA, US), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pachyrhinosaurus_perotorum_skeleton.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Pachyrhinosaurus skull.jpg” (Taxon image): Esv - Eduard Solà Vázquez (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pachyrhinosaurus_skull.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Philip J. Currie Pachyrinosaurus.jpg” (Taxon image): Ribbet32 (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Philip_J._Currie_Pachyrinosaurus.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n\n### Scientific references\n\n70 published reference(s) support this entry (via the Paleobiology Database).\n",
  "notice": "Omnisaura data combines sources under different licences. Every genus file lists its credits; anyone showing a value must show the credits for it. Images keep their own licences; share-alike images may only be shown unmodified.",
  "fossil_basis": "body",
  "original_description": {
    "citation": "C. M. Sternberg (1950). Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis, representing a new family of the Ceratopsia, from southern Alberta. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 118: 109–120.",
    "authors": "C. M. Sternberg",
    "year": 1950,
    "title": "Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis, representing a new family of the Ceratopsia, from southern Alberta",
    "publication": "National Museum of Canada Bulletin",
    "volume": "118",
    "issue": null,
    "pages": "109–120",
    "doi": "10.4095/105057",
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.4095/105057",
    "what": "The publication the Paleobiology Database gives as the authority for this genus name, usually the one that first named and described it.",
    "confidence": {
      "level": "high",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Sternberg 1950), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "source": "pbdb",
    "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
    "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "pbdb_reference_no": "18562"
  },
  "summary": "Omnisaura summary: Pachyrhinosaurus, Sternberg 1950\n\n- Named by: Sternberg 1950 (high confidence: PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Family: Ceratopsidae (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Parent group: Pachyrhinosaurini (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Type species: Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, as published by the Paleobiology Database: Campanian to Maastrichtian, 83.6–66 million years ago (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, Omnisaura's own calculation (not a published figure): 83.6–66 million years ago (medium confidence: Omnisaura's calculation from 13 confirmed PBDB records).\n- Fossils found in: Canada (medium: only PBDB records it (11 records)); United States (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)).\n- Rock formations: Horseshoe Canyon (medium: only PBDB records it (3 records)); Prince Creek (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)); St. Mary River (medium: only PBDB records it (4 records)); Wapiti (medium: only PBDB records it (4 records)).\n- Original description: C. M. Sternberg (1950). Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis, representing a new family of the Ceratopsia, from southern Alberta. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 118: 109–120. https://doi.org/10.4095/105057 (high confidence: PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Sternberg 1950), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Common names: パキリノサウルス属 (medium confidence: only Wikidata gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n\nNot known or disputed:\n- Order: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Named after: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- 3 fossil record(s) left out because their identification is uncertain.\n\nNot covered by Omnisaura: diet, size, weight, appearance or behaviour. Do not fill these in from general knowledge as if they came from Omnisaura.\n\nCredits (must be shown with any of this): Paleobiology Database (CC-BY-4.0); Wikidata (CC0-1.0)."
}