{
  "schema": "omnisaura.snapshot/v2",
  "uid": "omnisaura:profile:giraffatitan",
  "genus": "Giraffatitan",
  "generated_at": "2026-10-12T10:16:43Z",
  "raw_run": "2026-10-12",
  "profile": {
    "name": {
      "value": "Giraffatitan",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
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    "authority": {
      "value": "(Paul 1988)",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "type_species": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    },
    "order": {
      "value": "Saurischia",
      "rule": "Gap filled from NHM",
      "rule_id": "merge:gap_fill_nhm",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
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    },
    "family": {
      "value": "Brachiosauridae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
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    "parent_name": {
      "value": "Brachiosauridae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "headline": {
      "value": [
        161.5,
        143.1,
        "Oxfordian",
        "Tithonian"
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      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "value": [
        161.5,
        143.1
      ],
      "rule": "Omnisaura synthesis: span of confirmed PBDB records",
      "rule_id": "merge:omnisaura_synthesis_confirmed_occurrences",
      "synthesis": true,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
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    },
    "countries": {
      "value": [
        "TZ"
      ],
      "rule": "Union of all sources (ISO 3166)",
      "rule_id": "merge:union_iso3166",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "value": [
        "Tendaguru Formation"
      ],
      "rule": "Canonical names, automatic and editor-approved matches applied",
      "rule_id": "merge:canonical_formations",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
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    "common_names": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
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      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
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    "name": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "authority": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "family": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
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    "order": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "NHM"
    },
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      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and NHM agree."
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "reasons": [
        "Omnisaura's calculation from 41 confirmed PBDB records."
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "See each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "TZ",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "corroborated",
          "reasons": [
            "NHM and PBDB both record it."
          ]
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "See each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "Tendaguru Formation",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "corroborated",
          "reasons": [
            "NHM and PBDB both record it."
          ]
        }
      ]
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    "missing": [
      {
        "field": "type_species",
        "label": "Type species",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "common_names",
        "label": "Common names",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "named_after",
        "label": "Named after",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      }
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        "field": "name",
        "label": "Name",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "authority",
        "label": "Authority",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "parent_name",
        "label": "Parent group",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "family",
        "label": "Family",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "order",
        "label": "Order",
        "source": "NHM"
      }
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    "withheld": [
      {
        "records": "occurrences",
        "status": "tentative",
        "count": 1,
        "reason": "PBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.' or '?')"
      }
    ]
  },
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      "medium": "One source; nothing contradicts it.",
      "low": "Sources disagree and no editor has ruled yet, or too few records."
    },
    "by": "Omnisaura",
    "license_id": "OMNISAURA-EDITORIAL"
  },
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    {
      "name": "Tendaguru",
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      "status": "automatic",
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "name": "Tendaguru Beds",
      "same_as": "Tendaguru Formation",
      "status": "automatic",
      "ruling": null
    }
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        "attribution": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/3c2b9edf-ddd0-4719-b368-b55b04eddbfb)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 2612,
        "title": "PV R 5937j (a, b, c) - Scapulocoracoid",
        "category": "Specimen",
        "url": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/3c2b9edf-ddd0-4719-b368-b55b04eddbfb",
        "page_url": null,
        "source": "nhm",
        "rights_holder": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London",
        "catalog_number": "PV R 5937 j (c)",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/3c2b9edf-ddd0-4719-b368-b55b04eddbfb)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 2614,
        "title": "PV R 5937l (a) - Dorsals 5 & 6",
        "category": "Specimen",
        "url": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/b683e600-c670-4502-a6fb-b5aa6e45d615",
        "page_url": null,
        "source": "nhm",
        "rights_holder": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London",
        "catalog_number": "PV R 5937 l (a)",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/b683e600-c670-4502-a6fb-b5aa6e45d615)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 2608,
        "title": "PV R 5937l (b) - Dorsal 5 neural spine",
        "category": "Specimen",
        "url": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/0454e197-de29-46d3-9c25-c04ac2d15aef",
        "page_url": null,
        "source": "nhm",
        "rights_holder": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London",
        "catalog_number": "PV R 5937 l (b)",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/0454e197-de29-46d3-9c25-c04ac2d15aef)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 2606,
        "title": "PV R 5937n - Dorsals 8 & 9",
        "category": "Specimen",
        "url": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/642fc217-ee52-4b35-9129-6aa696d4ed89",
        "page_url": null,
        "source": "nhm",
        "rights_holder": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London",
        "catalog_number": "PV R 5937 n",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/642fc217-ee52-4b35-9129-6aa696d4ed89)"
      },
      {
        "media_id": 2611,
        "title": "PV R 5937o (a) - Dorsals 10 & 11",
        "category": "Specimen",
        "url": "https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/e1cea59f-d850-47a7-8c6e-d50d85b50d4e",
        "page_url": null,
        "source": "nhm",
        "rights_holder": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London",
        "catalog_number": "PV R 5937 o (a)",
        "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
        "license_name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
        "requires_attribution": true,
        "share_alike": false,
        "attribution": "The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/e1cea59f-d850-47a7-8c6e-d50d85b50d4e)"
      }
    ],
    "derived_ages": {
      "specimens": 59,
      "ics_version": "v2024/12"
    },
    "references": 104
  },
  "credits_markdown": "## Giraffatitan: Sources & credits\n\n_Scope: confirmed matches only._\n\n### Data\n- **Paleobiology Database** (https://paleobiodb.org): [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 5 October 2026, 10 October 2026, 11 October 2026.\n- **Natural History Museum Data Portal** (https://data.nhm.ac.uk): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record. Retrieved 5 October 2026, 10 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n\nAges for 59 specimen(s) were derived from their stage names using the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2024/12 (International Commission on Stratigraphy), via the Paleobiology Database (CC BY 4.0).\n\n### Images (22)\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_24_0413” (specimen PV R 10056): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/7af4cdd3-44f0-4103-9f02-6d05760ea5ca). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_23_0173” (specimen PV R 5937 a): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/9e3f55fa-032b-464b-ab84-7003af987bf0). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHMUK PV R 38059” (specimen PV R 38059): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/29649b5b-1fe9-46a4-86f1-d82e706cfe54). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHMUK PV R 38224 and 38225” (specimen PV R 38224): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/5ecd668f-77bf-449e-8802-21aab4118e82). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHMUK PV R 38688” (specimen PV R 38688): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/a724db80-6ef5-4981-b627-d7156656b6af). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “Quarry Map of M23” (specimen PV R 5937 a): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/6116f264-7889-4f73-a76b-1c5f7a68f54b). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “PV R 5937b - Cervical vertebra 6” (specimen PV R 5937 b): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/5988c167-c324-4a38-a626-018cc73afb88). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “PV R 5937c - Cervical 7” (specimen PV R 5937 c): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/3f35aa7d-ac60-41ea-a020-8291f03620a0). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “PV R 5937d - Cervical 8” (specimen PV R 5937 d): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/e19424f6-692a-467f-a798-b2fa2daaf626). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “PV R 5937e - Cervical 9” (specimen PV R 5937 e): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/81cc6284-e52c-4b89-9533-b1113771abd4). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “PV R 5937f - Cervical 10” (specimen PV R 5937 f): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/9eb94486-7116-47c1-89f8-9f3277affa3e). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “PV R 5937g (a) - Cervical 11” (specimen PV R 5937 g (a)): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/f88038b7-d785-4d04-ad28-bf2e638b65c1). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “PV R 5937h (a) - Cervical rib” (specimen PV R 5937 h (a)): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/8183053f-ec9b-45d8-805a-36c0265103c2). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “PV R 5937h (b) - Cervical rib” (specimen PV R 5937 h (b)): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/1b99cb12-9cf7-4f34-93e1-fa214d6c8e0b). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “PV R 5937h (c) - Cervical rib” (specimen PV R 5937 h (c)): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/8e50084e-5505-48cb-8705-53033e11be87). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “PV R 5937j (a, b, c) - Scapulocoracoid” (specimen PV R 5937 j (a)): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/3c2b9edf-ddd0-4719-b368-b55b04eddbfb). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “PV R 5937j (a, b, c) - Scapulocoracoid” (specimen PV R 5937 j (b)): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/3c2b9edf-ddd0-4719-b368-b55b04eddbfb). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “PV R 5937j (a, b, c) - Scapulocoracoid” (specimen PV R 5937 j (c)): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/3c2b9edf-ddd0-4719-b368-b55b04eddbfb). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “PV R 5937l (a) - Dorsals 5 & 6” (specimen PV R 5937 l (a)): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/b683e600-c670-4502-a6fb-b5aa6e45d615). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “PV R 5937l (b) - Dorsal 5 neural spine” (specimen PV R 5937 l (b)): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/0454e197-de29-46d3-9c25-c04ac2d15aef). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “PV R 5937n - Dorsals 8 & 9” (specimen PV R 5937 n): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/642fc217-ee52-4b35-9129-6aa696d4ed89). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “PV R 5937o (a) - Dorsals 10 & 11” (specimen PV R 5937 o (a)): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/e1cea59f-d850-47a7-8c6e-d50d85b50d4e). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n\n### Scientific references\n\n104 published reference(s) support this entry (via the Paleobiology Database).\n",
  "notice": "Omnisaura data combines sources under different licences. Every genus file lists its credits; anyone showing a value must show the credits for it. Images keep their own licences; share-alike images may only be shown unmodified.",
  "fossil_basis": "body",
  "original_description": {
    "citation": "G. S. Paul (1988). The brachiosaur giants of the Morrison and Tendaguru with a description of a new subgenus, Giraffatitan, and a comparison of the world's largest dinosaurs. Hunteria 2(3): 1–14.",
    "authors": "G. S. Paul",
    "year": 1988,
    "title": "The brachiosaur giants of the Morrison and Tendaguru with a description of a new subgenus, Giraffatitan, and a comparison of the world's largest dinosaurs",
    "publication": "Hunteria",
    "volume": "2",
    "issue": "3",
    "pages": "1–14",
    "doi": null,
    "url": null,
    "what": "The publication the Paleobiology Database gives as the authority for this genus name, usually the one that first named and described it.",
    "confidence": {
      "level": "medium",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; its author and year match the naming authority ((Paul 1988))."
      ]
    },
    "source": "pbdb",
    "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
    "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "pbdb_reference_no": "14554"
  },
  "summary": "Omnisaura summary: Giraffatitan, (Paul 1988)\n\n- Named by: (Paul 1988) (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Family: Brachiosauridae (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Order: Saurischia (medium confidence: only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Parent group: Brachiosauridae (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, as published by the Paleobiology Database: Oxfordian to Tithonian, 161.5–143.1 million years ago (high confidence: PBDB and NHM agree).\n- Age, Omnisaura's own calculation (not a published figure): 161.5–143.1 million years ago (medium confidence: Omnisaura's calculation from 41 confirmed PBDB records).\n- Fossils found in: Tanzania (high: NHM and PBDB both record it).\n- Rock formations: Tendaguru Formation (high: NHM and PBDB both record it).\n- Original description: G. S. Paul (1988). The brachiosaur giants of the Morrison and Tendaguru with a description of a new subgenus, Giraffatitan, and a comparison of the world's largest dinosaurs. Hunteria 2(3): 1–14. (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; its author and year match the naming authority ((Paul 1988))).\n\nNot known or disputed:\n- Type species: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Common names: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Named after: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- 1 fossil record(s) left out because their identification is uncertain.\n\nNot covered by Omnisaura: diet, size, weight, appearance or behaviour. Do not fill these in from general knowledge as if they came from Omnisaura.\n\nCredits (must be shown with any of this): Natural History Museum Data Portal (CC0-1.0); Paleobiology Database (CC-BY-4.0)."
}