{
  "schema": "omnisaura.snapshot/v2",
  "uid": "omnisaura:profile:ankylosaurus",
  "genus": "Ankylosaurus",
  "generated_at": "2026-10-12T10:16:43Z",
  "raw_run": "2026-10-12",
  "profile": {
    "name": {
      "value": "Ankylosaurus",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
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      "value": "Brown 1908",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
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          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
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    "type_species": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    },
    "order": {
      "value": "Ornithischia",
      "rule": "Gap filled from NHM",
      "rule_id": "merge:gap_fill_nhm",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
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    "family": {
      "value": "Ankylosauridae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
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    "parent_name": {
      "value": "Ankylosaurinae",
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "headline": {
      "value": [
        83.6,
        66.0,
        "Campanian",
        "Maastrichtian"
      ],
      "rule": "PBDB leads",
      "rule_id": "merge:lead_pbdb",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "value": [
        72.2,
        66.0
      ],
      "rule": "Omnisaura synthesis: span of confirmed PBDB records",
      "rule_id": "merge:omnisaura_synthesis_confirmed_occurrences",
      "synthesis": true,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "value": [
        "CA",
        "US"
      ],
      "rule": "Union of all sources (ISO 3166)",
      "rule_id": "merge:union_iso3166",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        },
        {
          "source": "nhm",
          "license": "CC0-1.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "value": [
        "Ferris",
        "Frenchman",
        "Hell Creek Formation",
        "Lance Formation",
        "Scollard"
      ],
      "rule": "Canonical names, automatic and editor-approved matches applied",
      "rule_id": "merge:canonical_formations",
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source": "pbdb",
          "license": "CC-BY-4.0"
        }
      ]
    },
    "common_names": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    },
    "named_after": {
      "value": null,
      "rule": null,
      "rule_id": null,
      "synthesis": false,
      "sources": []
    }
  },
  "confidence": {
    "name": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata identify the same genus."
      ]
    },
    "authority": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "parent_name": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "PBDB"
    },
    "family": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and NHM agree."
      ]
    },
    "order": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "single_source",
      "reasons": [
        "Only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it."
      ],
      "source": "NHM"
    },
    "headline": {
      "level": "high",
      "basis": "corroborated",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB and NHM agree."
      ]
    },
    "evidence": {
      "level": "medium",
      "basis": "synthesis",
      "reasons": [
        "Omnisaura's calculation from 14 confirmed PBDB records."
      ]
    },
    "countries": {
      "level": "mixed",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "Entries differ; see each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "CA",
          "level": "high",
          "basis": "corroborated",
          "reasons": [
            "NHM and PBDB both record it."
          ]
        },
        {
          "value": "US",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (11 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        }
      ]
    },
    "formations": {
      "level": "mixed",
      "basis": "items",
      "reasons": [
        "Entries differ; see each entry."
      ],
      "items": [
        {
          "value": "Ferris",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (5 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Frenchman",
          "level": "low",
          "basis": "thin",
          "reasons": [
            "Only one PBDB record."
          ]
        },
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          "value": "Hell Creek Formation",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (4 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Lance Formation",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        },
        {
          "value": "Scollard",
          "level": "medium",
          "basis": "single_source",
          "reasons": [
            "Only PBDB records it (2 records)."
          ],
          "source": "PBDB"
        }
      ]
    }
  },
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    "missing": [
      {
        "field": "type_species",
        "label": "Type species",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "common_names",
        "label": "Common names",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      },
      {
        "field": "named_after",
        "label": "Named after",
        "note": "No source we use gives this yet."
      }
    ],
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      {
        "field": "parent_name",
        "label": "Parent group",
        "source": "PBDB"
      },
      {
        "field": "order",
        "label": "Order",
        "source": "NHM"
      }
    ],
    "disputed": [],
    "withheld": [
      {
        "records": "occurrences",
        "status": "tentative",
        "count": 2,
        "reason": "PBDB fossil records identified only tentatively (for example 'cf.' or '?')"
      }
    ]
  },
  "assessment": {
    "levels": {
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      "medium": "One source; nothing contradicts it.",
      "low": "Sources disagree and no editor has ruled yet, or too few records."
    },
    "by": "Omnisaura",
    "license_id": "OMNISAURA-EDITORIAL"
  },
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    {
      "name": "Hell Creek",
      "same_as": "Hell Creek Formation",
      "status": "automatic",
      "ruling": null
    },
    {
      "name": "Lance",
      "same_as": "Lance Formation",
      "status": "automatic",
      "ruling": null
    }
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    "references": 105
  },
  "credits_markdown": "## Ankylosaurus: Sources & credits\n\n_Scope: confirmed matches only._\n\n### Data\n- **Paleobiology Database** (https://paleobiodb.org): [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Data from the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org), licensed CC BY 4.0. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 5 October 2026, 10 October 2026, 11 October 2026.\n- **Natural History Museum Data Portal** (https://data.nhm.ac.uk): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Natural History Museum (London) Data Portal, Collection specimens dataset, https://doi.org/10.5519/0002965. Image licenses vary per record. Retrieved 4 October 2026, 5 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n- **Wikidata** (https://www.wikidata.org): [Creative Commons Zero 1.0 (public domain dedication)](https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). Data from Wikidata (https://www.wikidata.org), CC0 1.0. Retrieved 5 October 2026. _Credited as a courtesy: this licence doesn't require attribution._\n\nAges for 25 specimen(s) were derived from their stage names using the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2024/12 (International Commission on Stratigraphy), via the Paleobiology Database (CC BY 4.0).\n\n### Images (29)\n- “File:Ankylosaur head - cast - Custer County Montana - Museum of the Rockies - 2013-07-08.jpg” (Taxon image): Tim Evanson (https://www.flickr.com/photos/23165290@N00/9336678044/), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ankylosaur_head_-_cast_-_Custer_County_Montana_-_Museum_of_the_Rockies_-_2013-07-08.jpg). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “File:Ankylosaurus magniventris reconstruction.png” (Taxon image): Emily Willoughby (e.deinonychus@gmail.com, http://emilywilloughby.com) (Own work), via Wikimedia Commons (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ankylosaurus_magniventris_reconstruction.png). [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/). Shown unmodified (share-alike licence).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0337” (specimen PV R 4253): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/b018b6a2-6041-425b-a02c-8c16e4c3be1e). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0337” (specimen PV R 4254): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/b018b6a2-6041-425b-a02c-8c16e4c3be1e). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0339” (specimen PV R 4255): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/dcb0fb43-e251-46ab-85b5-94f01a06d3e8). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0343” (specimen PV R 4276): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/b0be3b50-6f6a-4b25-a928-0b66015de145). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0347” (specimen PV R 4299): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/dac5881d-6ca4-4afd-b6c3-a294cf45d9e8). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0347” (specimen PV R 4300): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/dac5881d-6ca4-4afd-b6c3-a294cf45d9e8). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0347” (specimen PV R 4301): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/dac5881d-6ca4-4afd-b6c3-a294cf45d9e8). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0347” (specimen PV R 4302): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/dac5881d-6ca4-4afd-b6c3-a294cf45d9e8). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0347” (specimen PV R 4303): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/dac5881d-6ca4-4afd-b6c3-a294cf45d9e8). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0347” (specimen PV R 4304): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/dac5881d-6ca4-4afd-b6c3-a294cf45d9e8). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0347” (specimen PV R 4305): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/dac5881d-6ca4-4afd-b6c3-a294cf45d9e8). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0347” (specimen PV R 4306): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/dac5881d-6ca4-4afd-b6c3-a294cf45d9e8). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0347” (specimen PV R 4307): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/dac5881d-6ca4-4afd-b6c3-a294cf45d9e8). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0347” (specimen PV R 4308): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/dac5881d-6ca4-4afd-b6c3-a294cf45d9e8). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0347” (specimen PV R 4309): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/dac5881d-6ca4-4afd-b6c3-a294cf45d9e8). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0347” (specimen PV R 4310): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/dac5881d-6ca4-4afd-b6c3-a294cf45d9e8). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0347” (specimen PV R 4311): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/dac5881d-6ca4-4afd-b6c3-a294cf45d9e8). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0375” (specimen PV R 4451): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/3397f0a9-df9e-488d-9820-bb0413f1715f). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0375” (specimen PV R 4452): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/3397f0a9-df9e-488d-9820-bb0413f1715f). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0375” (specimen PV R 4453): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/3397f0a9-df9e-488d-9820-bb0413f1715f). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0375” (specimen PV R 4454): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/3397f0a9-df9e-488d-9820-bb0413f1715f). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0377” (specimen PV R 4455): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/72c784c7-308d-4323-9bd1-c5975fc8771e). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0377” (specimen PV R 4456): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/72c784c7-308d-4323-9bd1-c5975fc8771e). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0377” (specimen PV R 4457): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/72c784c7-308d-4323-9bd1-c5975fc8771e). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHM-UK_P_DF118_03_22_0379” (specimen PV R 4471): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/8b7b6712-3b25-495e-971b-2fd36ff58902). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “NHMUK PV R 11332 and NHMUK PV R 4253 on exhibit” (specimen PV R 4253): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/d0f0c28f-95fb-45b2-b386-a22b4eecdafb). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n- “010028274_L010093276” (specimen PV R 4451): The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London; via NHM Data Portal (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/media/23040e17-30f8-40e5-86e4-bd8be545ace2). [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).\n\n### Scientific references\n\n105 published reference(s) support this entry (via the Paleobiology Database).\n",
  "notice": "Omnisaura data combines sources under different licences. Every genus file lists its credits; anyone showing a value must show the credits for it. Images keep their own licences; share-alike images may only be shown unmodified.",
  "fossil_basis": "body",
  "original_description": {
    "citation": "B. Brown (1908). The Ankylosauridae, a new family of armored dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24(12): 187–201.",
    "authors": "B. Brown",
    "year": 1908,
    "title": "The Ankylosauridae, a new family of armored dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous",
    "publication": "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History",
    "volume": "24",
    "issue": "12",
    "pages": "187–201",
    "doi": "10.1007/bf01975763",
    "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01975763",
    "what": "The publication the Paleobiology Database gives as the authority for this genus name, usually the one that first named and described it.",
    "confidence": {
      "level": "high",
      "reasons": [
        "PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Brown 1908), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree."
      ]
    },
    "source": "pbdb",
    "source_name": "Paleobiology Database",
    "license_id": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "pbdb_reference_no": "4210"
  },
  "summary": "Omnisaura summary: Ankylosaurus, Brown 1908\n\n- Named by: Brown 1908 (high confidence: PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n- Family: Ankylosauridae (high confidence: PBDB and NHM agree).\n- Order: Ornithischia (medium confidence: only NHM gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Parent group: Ankylosaurinae (medium confidence: only PBDB gives this; nothing contradicts it).\n- Age, as published by the Paleobiology Database: Campanian to Maastrichtian, 83.6–66 million years ago (high confidence: PBDB and NHM agree).\n- Age, Omnisaura's own calculation (not a published figure): 72.2–66 million years ago (medium confidence: Omnisaura's calculation from 14 confirmed PBDB records).\n- Fossils found in: Canada (high: NHM and PBDB both record it); United States (medium: only PBDB records it (11 records)).\n- Rock formations: Ferris (medium: only PBDB records it (5 records)); Hell Creek Formation (medium: only PBDB records it (4 records)); Lance Formation (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)); Scollard (medium: only PBDB records it (2 records)); Frenchman (low: only one PBDB record).\n- Original description: B. Brown (1908). The Ankylosauridae, a new family of armored dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 24(12): 187–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01975763 (high confidence: PBDB gives this publication for the name; its author and year match the naming authority (Brown 1908), on which PBDB and Wikidata agree).\n\nNot known or disputed:\n- Type species: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Common names: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- Named after: no source Omnisaura uses gives this.\n- 2 fossil record(s) left out because their identification is uncertain.\n\nNot covered by Omnisaura: diet, size, weight, appearance or behaviour. Do not fill these in from general knowledge as if they came from Omnisaura.\n\nCredits (must be shown with any of this): Natural History Museum Data Portal (CC0-1.0); Paleobiology Database (CC-BY-4.0); Wikidata (CC0-1.0)."
}